@PhDThesis{Vitor:2021:EnThVu,
author = "Vitor, Ana Claudia Rorato",
title = "Brazilian Amazon indigenous lands: environmental threats,
vulnerability, and public policies",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2021",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2021-01-27",
keywords = "indigenous peoples, indigenous lands, vulnerability assessment,
environmental degradation, public policies, povos
ind{\'{\i}}genas, terras ind{\'{\i}}genas,
avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o de vulnerabilidade, degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o
ambiental, pol{\'{\i}}ticas p{\'u}blicas.",
abstract = "Amazonian Indigenous Lands (ILs) are currently a worrying case of
a vulnerable human-environmental system due to the environmental
threats they have been suffering. The focus of this study is on
how the different environmental threats affect the Amazonian
Indigenous Lands, internally and externally, and how they
influence the environmental vulnerability of these territories. In
addition, given the strong importance of mining as an
environmental threat, we assessed the extent of the potential
impact of passing the proposed mining bill (PL 191/2020). Linked
to these objectives, we discussed public policies as tools to
reduce environmental threats in the ILs and to improve indigenous
capacity to deal with them. For this, we explored three different
approaches based on indicators as proxies of the threats and
adaptive capacities: 1) grouping ILs according to the similarities
found in the set of threat indicators within and around their
limits through cluster analysis technique; 2) estimating the area
of ILs covered by mining requests; 3) developing an environmental
vulnerability assessment of Amazonian ILs by adopting the
theoretical vulnerability framework of the IPCC. Most of the 383
Amazonian ILs are affected internally by a combination of
different environmental threats. The set of threats in the ILs
surroundings are very similar to the set of threats that affect
Indigenous Lands internally, but the severity is generally higher.
The ILs most affected by multiple and relatively severe threats
are located mainly in the arc of deforestation and in the Roraima
state. We have identified seven IL clusters with common
environmental threats within and around their limits. Regarding
the mining threat, we found that the existing mining requests
cover 176,000 km2 of Amazonian ILs, most of them for gold
exploration (64%), a factor 3000 more than the area of current
illegal mining. In sum, about 15% of the total area of ILs in the
region could be potentially affected by mining, if the mentioned
bill is approved. The ethnic groups Yudj{\'a}, Kayap{\'o},
Apala{\'{\i}}, Wayana, and Katuena would even have between 47%
and 87% of their lands impacted. Regarding the environmental
vulnerability of Amazonian Indigenous Lands, in general, ILs with
elevated Vulnerability are most concentrated in the arc of
deforestation region and below, but also advancing to the inner of
the Par{\'a}, Amazonas, and Roraima states. Our results also
indicated an increase in Exposure (threats in ILs buffer zones),
around 73.9%, and in Sensitivity (threats within IL), around
64.8%, of Amazonian ILs between 2011-2019 compared to 2001-2010,
indicating a growing trend of the ILs vulnerability. Based on the
results, we suggest four environmental policy priorities to be
strengthened and applied in Amazonian ILs: protect ILs buffer
zones; strengthen surveillance actions, and combat illegal
deforestation, forest degradation, and mining activities in ILs;
prevent and fight fires; and extrude invaders from ILs. In
addition, it is essential to not approve predatory activities in
ILs, such as mining. The obligation of the State is to enforce
existing laws and regulations that put indigenous peoples rights
and livelihoods above economic consideration and not to reduce
such protections. RESUMO: As Terras Ind{\'{\i}}genas (TIs) da
Amaz{\^o}nia s{\~a}o atualmente um caso preocupante de sistema
humano-ambiental vulner{\'a}vel devido {\`a}s amea{\c{c}}as
ambientais que v{\^e}m sofrendo. O foco deste estudo {\'e} como
as diferentes amea{\c{c}}as ambientais afetam as Terras
Ind{\'{\i}}genas da Amaz{\^o}nia, interna e externamente, e
como influenciam a vulnerabilidade ambiental desses
territ{\'o}rios. Al{\'e}m disso, dada a grande import{\^a}ncia
da minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o como uma amea{\c{c}}a ambiental,
avaliamos a extens{\~a}o do impacto potencial da
aprova{\c{c}}{\~a}o do projeto de lei de minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o
(PL 191/2020). Vinculado a esses objetivos, discutimos
pol{\'{\i}}ticas p{\'u}blicas como ferramentas para reduzir as
amea{\c{c}}as ambientais nas TIs e melhorar a capacidade de
enfrentamento dos povos ind{\'{\i}}genas {\`a} essas
amea{\c{c}}as. Para isso, exploramos tr{\^e}s abordagens
diferentes baseadas em indicadores como proxies das amea{\c{c}}as
e capacidades adaptativas: 1) agrupar as TIs de acordo com as
semelhan{\c{c}}as encontradas no conjunto de indicadores de
amea{\c{c}}as, dentro e ao redor de seus limites, por meio da
t{\'e}cnica de an{\'a}lise de cluster; 2) estimar a {\'a}rea
das TIs sobrepostas pelas solicita{\c{c}}{\~o}es para
explora{\c{c}}{\~a}o mineral; 3) desenvolver uma
avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o de vulnerabilidade ambiental das TIs
amaz{\^o}nicas, adotando o referencial te{\'o}rico de
vulnerabilidade do IPCC. A maioria das 383 TIs amaz{\^o}nicas
{\'e} afetada internamente por uma combina{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
amea{\c{c}}as ambientais. O conjunto de amea{\c{c}}as no entorno
das TIs {\'e} muito semelhante ao conjunto de amea{\c{c}}as que
afetam as TIs internamente, mas a gravidade geralmente {\'e}
maior. As TIs mais afetadas por amea{\c{c}}as m{\'u}ltiplas e
relativamente graves est{\~a}o localizadas principalmente no arco
do desmatamento e no estado de Roraima. Identificamos sete
clusters de TIs com amea{\c{c}}as ambientais comuns dentro e ao
redor de seus limites. Em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a}
minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o, descobrimos que os pedidos de
minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o existentes cobrem 176.000 km 2 das TIs
amaz{\^o}nicas, a maioria deles para explora{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
ouro (64%), um fator 3.000 vezes maior que a {\'a}rea de
minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o ilegal atual. Em suma, cerca de 15 % da
{\'a}rea total das TIs da regi{\~a}o podem ser potencialmente
afetadas pela minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o, caso o referido projeto de
lei seja aprovado. Os grupos {\'e}tnicos Yudj{\'a}, Kayap{\'o},
Apala{\'{\i}}, Wayana e Katuena poderiam ter cerca de 47% e 87%
de suas terras impactadas. Em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a}
vulnerabilidade ambiental das Terras Ind{\'{\i}}genas da
Amaz{\^o}nia, em geral, TIs com elevada vulnerabilidade
est{\~a}o mais concentradas na regi{\~a}o do arco do
desmatamento e abaixo, mas tamb{\'e}m avan{\c{c}}ando para o
interior dos estados do Par{\'a}, Amazonas e Roraima. Nossos
resultados indicaram um aumento na Exposi{\c{c}}{\~a}o
(amea{\c{c}}as ao redor das TIs), em torno de 73,9%, e na
Sensibilidade (amea{\c{c}}as nas TIs), em torno de 64,8%, das TIs
amaz{\^o}nicas entre 2011-2019 em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o a
2001-2010, indicando uma tend{\^e}ncia crescente da
vulnerabilidade das TIs. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos quatro
prioridades da pol{\'{\i}}tica ambiental a serem fortalecidas
para as TIs amaz{\^o}nicas: proteger as zonas de amortecimento
das TIs; fortalecer as a{\c{c}}{\~o}es de
fiscaliza{\c{c}}{\~a}o e combate ao desmatamento ilegal,
degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o florestal e minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o nas TIs;
prevenir e combater inc{\^e}ndios; e expulsar os invasores das
TIs. Al{\'e}m disso, {\'e} fundamental a n{\~a}o
aprova{\c{c}}{\~a}o de atividades predat{\'o}rias nas TIs, como
a minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o. A obriga{\c{c}}{\~a}o do Estado {\'e}
fazer cumprir as leis e regulamentos existentes que colocam os
direitos e meios de subsist{\^e}ncia dos povos ind{\'{\i}}genas
acima da considera{\c{c}}{\~a}o econ{\^o}mica e n{\~a}o
reduzir essas prote{\c{c}}{\~o}es.",
committee = "Andrade Neto, Pedro Ribeiro De (presidente) and C{\^a}mara Neto,
Gilberto (orientador) and Escada, Maria Isabel Sobral
(orientadora) and Verstegen, Judith Anne (orientadora) and Vieira,
Ima C{\'e}lia Guimar{\~a}es and Alencar, Ane Auxiliadora Costa",
englishtitle = "Terras ind{\'{\i}}genas da Amaz{\^o}nia brasileira:
amea{\c{c}}as ambientais, vulnerabilidade e pol{\'{\i}}ticas
p{\'u}blicas",
language = "en",
pages = "123",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34R/445Q8CH",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/445Q8CH",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "09 maio 2024"
}